Astronomers Count Galaxies in the Cosmos

How many galaxies are there in the cosmos? Thousands? Millions? More? Those are questions that astronomers revisit every few years. Periodically they count galaxies using sophisticated telescopes and techniques. Each time they do a new galactic census, they find more of these stellar cities than they did before. So, how many are there? It turns out that, thanks to some work done using Hubble Space Telescope, there are billions and billions of them. There could be up to 2 trillion...and counting. In fact, the universe is more vast than astronomers thought, too. The idea of billions and billions of galaxies may make the universe sound much bigger and more populated than ever. But, the more interesting news here is that there are fewer galaxies today than there were in the early universe. Which seems rather odd. What happened to the rest? The answer lies in the term merger. Over time, galaxies formed and merged with each other to form larger ones. So, the many galaxies we see today are what we have left after billions of years of evolution. The History of Galaxy Counts Back at the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, astronomers thought there was only one galaxy — our Milky Way — and that it was the entirety of the universe. They saw other odd, nebulous things in the sky that they called spiral nebulae, but it never occurred to them that these might be very distant galaxies. That all changed in the 1920s, when astronomer Edwin Hubble, using work done on calculating distances to stars using variable stars by astronomer Henrietta Leavitt, found a star that lay in a distant spiral nebula. It was farther away than any star in our own galaxy. That observation told him that the spiral nebula, which we know today as the Andromeda Galaxy, was not part of our own Milky Way. It was another galaxy. With that momentous observation, the number of known galaxies doubled to two. Astronomers were off to the races finding more and more galaxies.   Today, astronomers see galaxies as far as their telescopes  can see. Every part of the distant universe seems to be chock full of galaxies. They show up in all shapes, from irregular globs of light to spirals and ellipticals. As they study galaxies, astronomers have traced the ways they have formed and evolved. Theyve seen how galaxies merge, and what happens when they do. And, they know that our own Milky Way and Andromeda will merge in the distant future.  Each time they learn something new, whether its about our galaxy or some distant one, it adds to their understanding of how these large-scale structures behave. Galaxy Census Since Hubbles time, astronomers have found many other galaxies as their telescopes got better and better. Periodically they would take a census of galaxies. The latest census work, done by Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories, continues to identify more galaxies at greater distances. As find more of these stellar cities, astronomers get a better idea of how they form, merge, and evolve. However, even as they find evidence of more galaxies, it turns out that astronomers can only see about 10 percent of the galaxies they know are out there. Whats going on with that? Many more galaxies that cant be seen or detected with present-day telescopes and techniques. An astonishing 90 percent of the galaxy census falls into this unseen category. Eventually, they will be seen, with telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope, which will be able to detect their light (which turns out to be ultra-faint and much of it in the infrared portion of the spectrum). Fewer Galaxies Means Less to Light up Space So, while the universe has at least 2 trillion galaxies, the fact that it used to have MORE galaxies in the early days may also explain one of the most intriguing questions asked by astronomers: if theres so much light in the universe, why is the sky dark at night? This is known as Olbers Paradox (named for the German astronomer Heinrich Olbers, who first posed the question). The answer may well be because of those missing galaxies. Starlight from the most distant and oldest galaxies may well be invisible to our eyes for a variety of reasons, including the reddening of light due to the expansion of space, the universe’s dynamic nature, and the absorption of light by intergalactic dust and gas. If you combine these factors with other processes that reduce our ability to see visible and ultraviolet (and infrared) light from the most distant galaxies, these could all provide the answer to why we see a dark sky at night. The study of galaxies continues, and in the next few decades, its likely that astronomers will revise their census of these behemoths yet again.

Public Speaking Anxiety and Its Effect on Students Essay

Introduction Public speaking anxiety is a problem for many people. Some say that it is the number one fear of Americans over death. There have been many studies done in the general field of public speaking anxiety. I am going to review five articles that touch on various issues surrounding public speaking anxiety. All five of these articles are from Communication journals and are at most five years old. Literature Review There have been many studies done on public speaking anxiety in the field of communications. I have chosen these five articles to review because I believe that put together, they give a good background on the recent research done on this subject. The first article looks at students memories of speeches†¦show more content†¦They were asked one week later to fill out the scale again. They again found that the students recollection of anxiety had decreased over time. The level of decrease was contingent on the students level of communication apprehension. The second article is called Speech anxiety affects how people prepare speeches: A protocol analysis of the preparation processes of speakers. This article was written by J. Daly, A. Vangelisti, and D. Weber. They begin by telling the reader what a serious problem public speaking anxiety is. This alone gives me the feeling that they are doing this study because they really want to help people who are suffering from this anxiety. They took fifty-one undergraduate students who were enrolled in a large introductory lecture class on communication. They completed a measure of public speaking anxiety five weeks before the project. They randomly selected student from the class and came up with a group that represented the norm in terms of age, race, and gender. Each student was asked to prepare a speech in front of observers and speak out loud what he/she was thinking. The student then went and performed the speech in front of the class who were unaware of the study. The class then rated the student. The student was asked to answer some questions about their feelings. They found that their was a significant and inverse relationship between publicShow MoreRelatedPublic Speaking Anxiety and Its Effect on Students1417 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Speaking Anxiety and Its Effect on Students Introduction Public speaking anxiety is a problem for many people. Some say that it is the number one fear of Americans over death. There have been many studies done in the general field of public speaking anxiety. I am going to review five articles that touch on various issues surrounding public speaking anxiety. All five of these articles are from Communication journals and are at most five years old. Literature Review ThereRead MoreIt is widely known that in EFL learning situations, many students â€Å"exhibit fear of foreign language1300 Words   |  6 Pagesmany students â€Å"exhibit fear of foreign language speaking† (Yaikhong Usaha, 2012, p. 23). In Asian countries, EFL learners suffer even more in language classroom anxiety because of insufficient language environment. According to Scovel (1978), anxiety in language learning is â€Å"a state of apprehension, a vague fear† (p. 134). Such anxiety may exist in many aspects of language learning process. Language classroom anxiety is one of the most common concerns. Many researches showed that students’ classroomRead MoreOvercoming Foreign Language Anxiety1576 Words   |  7 PagesOVERCOMING FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANXIETY By Saranda Nuredini Instructor: Luiza Zeqiri Course: ESP Communication I January 2012 â€Å"Sweaty palms, shaking hands, dry mouth and muscle tension mean for many of us, that we are about to speak in public. Couple this fear of speaking in public with performing or speaking in another language and the success of the speaker may be dramatically compromised† (Leigh, 2009). By having to speak in a foreign language, the amount of fear in us grows and transformsRead MorePresentation Fears And Lack Of Self Confidence1452 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Presentation fears is when students feel intimidated to present their work in front of their class due to lack of self-confidence. According to Martinuzzi on his article on â€Å"11 Easy Ways to Finally Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking†, attribute the success of a presentation to the ability to stand and be heard (February 01, 2013). He also attributes the reasons for an unsuccessful presentation to the inability of the presenters to confidently stand before the audience and speak outRead MoreLearning A Foreign Language Is Not An Easy Task Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesserious effects on learners achievements. In this case, there must be a lot of awareness and consciousness from students and teachers as well, and that for the sake of knowing how to proceed, to cope and even properly deal with these obstructions.Therefore, this chapter will provide possible solutions and coping strategies that would decrease the unfavourable outcomes of anxiety, boost low self esteem an d encourage learners to take risks inside the classroom. SECTION ONE : ANXIETY InitiallyRead MorePublic Speaking Anxiety2045 Words   |  9 PagesCOPING WITH PUBLIC SPEAKING ANXIETY Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the teaching of affective strategies helps students’ reduce their public speaking anxiety. We used the questionnaire Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (PRPSA) developed by McCroskey (1970; 1992) in order to determine the level of anxiety that a student experiences while holding a speech. At the beginning of the semester, the students were asked to fill out the questionnaire by approximatingRead MoreHow Does Humor Use Humor?1186 Words   |  5 Pagesout claiming that appropriate humor can be used as a tool in the classroom by alleviating anxiety, stress, and helping relate the content by using funny, real world examples. When an instructor successfully uses humor, the learning environment that is created can be a catalyst for success. Humor can alleviate anxiety, especially in second language classrooms. â€Å"First, Young (1991) argues that when students are asked to deliver their thoughts or idea in a foreign language in which they have limitedRead MoreFactor Affecting Public Speaking Anxiety5792 Words   |  24 PagesINTRODUCTION Commonly, students refuse to do the task of speaking in public due to discomfort of being viewed upon by the classmates or the audience and does create inferiority in delivering a certain speech. Public speaking is a common source of stress for everyone especially to students who are not used to speak in front of public because of fear to be criticized by others. Many would like to avoid this situation completely, but that is difficult to accomplish. Oral communication anxiety or commonly knownRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Our Lives1333 Words   |  6 Pagessocial networking have changed the communication game. However, the simplicity of communicating behind a screen has hindered our verbal communication skills. Sherry Turkle, author of the book Alone Together, stated in an interview for the National Public Radio (2012), â€Å"Face-to-face interaction teaches skills of negotiation, of reading each other s emotion, of having to face the complexity of confrontation, dealing with complex emotion. These skills are hindered when individuals depend on textingRead More Personal and Public Speech Skills Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal and Public Speech Skills Throughout life we express ourselves through words. The way we present ourselves through speech says a lot about our character. The way one speaks to others can jeopardize the amount of respect and trust others have for them. From the way one pronounces a word to their posture can affect the way an audience interprets what is being said. Personally, I am not confident with my speaking skills at this point. I would like my audience to fully comprehend the concepts

Obesity And Its Increasing Prevalence Essay - 1437 Words

The topic of obesity and its increasing prevalence has captured much attention in the course of several decades. With over 36 percent of the American adult population considered obese between 2011-2014, speculations about its cause, contribution to chronic health conditions, and economic burdens have received considerable awareness (Ogden, Carroll, Fryar and Flegal, 2015). Commonly in research, obesity levels are measured through the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale. A BMI of 25-30 is considered overweight, and a BMI of greater than 30 is considered obese (Stommel and Schoenborn, 2009). The risk of death increases with higher BMI (due to obesity related comorbidities) accounting for nearly 300,000 deaths annually. These trends have been observed across all age groups, both genders, all educational levels, races, and smoking statuses (Aronne, 2001). While diet and energy intake have been on the forerunner when explaining weight gain, another recent trend which has been gaining notice is t he shift towards a sedentary lifestyle among the US population (Blair Brodney, 1999). In 2000, the CDC approximated that less than 30 percent of the American population gets the adequate amount of physical activity (Caballero, 2007). Physical inactivity was associated with 54% higher odds of obesity, while socioeconomic status and societal conditions further influenced its prevalence (Singh, Siahpush, Hiatt, and Timsina, 2011). As a result, in addition to weight-related diseases, obesityShow MoreRelatedThe Increasing Prevalence Of Obesity Essay980 Words   |  4 Pages Delay Discounting, Impulsivity and Eating Behaviours that Predispose Individuals to Excess Weight Gain Monique T. Andreacchio Australian Catholic University Word Count: 2053 Abstract The increasing prevalence of obesity is a continuing global health issue. Individuals are more likely to eat in our current food environment where food are more desirable but less nutritional. To investigate whether there is a relationship between delayed discounting and an individual’s impulsivity andRead MoreObesity Is An Increasing Problem All Over The World And Its Prevalence1379 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is an increasing problem all over the world and its prevalence differs from one area to another. According to World health Organization (WHO) obesity is defined as body mass index (BMI) of 30kg/m2 or more.1 It was reported that the proportion of obesity in surgical patients is greater than general population.2 This means that anesthesiologists are going to deal with increased number of obese patients whose airway management is one of their own responsibilities. Endotracheal intubation isRead MoreThe Influence Of Obesity In America808 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the last decade, the rate of obesity has been increasing. In 2012, at least one-third of U.S. adults were obese.1 It is expected by 2018 that the number of obese adults increases to half of U.S. adults.2 The rates for children and adolescents are increasing as well. In 2012, about seventeen percent of children and adolescents were obese.2 However, the number of obese individuals vary throughout the U.S. The South and Midwest have a higher prevalence of obesity while the West and Northeast haveRead MoreDietary Factors That Affect Obesity Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesDietary Factors There are many dietary factors that may contribute to obesity in children. The major factors are increased consumption of calorie-dense foods, saturated fats, and sugar in combination with sedentary behavior 8. Consumption of refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages have lead to increases in unhealthy eating habits resulting in the rise of obesity 4. These sugar-sweetened drinks are also associated with increasing BMI 11. The focus of this synthesis is the importance of physicalRead MoreThe Ethical Regulation Of Transnational Food Companies And Implement Strategies That Promote Healthy Diets846 Words   |  4 Pages Over the last 20 years the worldwide prevalence of obesity has more than doubled, making it the fastest growing cause of disease and death worldwide1 . The expanding markets in developing countries due to globalization have attracted the influx of multinational food and drink companies into these countries with aggressive marketing strategies targeted mainly at children. This has resulted in a nutritional transition from traditional plant based diets to western high fat, energy dense diets withRead MoreRisk Factors for Stroke in Young Adults1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Americans over the age of 20 and representing 3% of the population (Rogers et al. e68). Current estimates suggest close to 800,000 Americans will experience a stroke each year; however, symptoms related to strokes often go undiagnosed. The prevalence of undiagnosed strokes is estimated to be 17.8% of the population over the age of 45, but some minorities and those with low incomes make up a disproportionate perce ntage of this number. Ethnicity also influences the risk of a stroke for all adultsRead MoreStudy Participants Age Ranged From 6 Years Up To 17 Years1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthan 5) with half of participants classified in the low socioeconomic level. The prevalence of stunting (HAZ 2SD for HAZ, WAZ, and BAZ are 0.3%, 4.4% and 14.9% respectively. Double malnutrition problem was reported among participants. The problem of stunting is shown in Height for age distribution in figure 1 where the curve is skewed to the left to WHO world standard normal distribution curve. And obesity is seen in BAZ distribution where the curve is slightly skewed to right to WHO worldRead MoreThe Health Of The Youth Of Australia Face798 Words   |  4 Pages(Eckersley 2008). After thorough research into the health impediments the youth of Australia face, it was found that the most predominant biophysical and psychosocial issues that influence their quality of life and are subsequently correlated are: obesity, diabetes, anxiety and major depressive disorder. Though some mental disorders such as ADHD are more common than that of anxiety disorders, they do not have as much of an impact on quality of life, therefore these health issues will not be includedRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Children And Adults1462 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is c onsidered to be the significant health problem in the United States affecting children and adults. It occurs when a child is well above the normal or healthy weight for his or her age and height. The main causes of excess weight in youth are similar to those in adults, including individual causes such as behavior and genetics. Different behaviors include dietary patterns, medication use, physical inactivity, and other exposures. Additional contributing factors in society include the foodRead MorePrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight during their child’s treatment (Trier, 2016). The study included the parents of 1,125 children and adolescents (aged 3-22) who were enrolled in a children obesity treatment program. They began by taking the heights and weight s of the children and the BMI scores were calculated. After 2.5 years of treatment, the

Stop-Loss Policy Essay - 2517 Words

Stop-Loss Policy War has been around since the beginning of time. People have been asked to defend for their country and to die for their cause. But is the war that America is currently involved in, one of the times where people should be forced to die and stay overseas. The men and women who volunteered to fight for the country they love, are not being forced to stay longer then the original time they were supposed to stay, all thanks to President Bush’s â€Å"stop-loss policy† otherwise known as the â€Å"back-door draft.† The â€Å"stop-loss program† was introduced in order to counter act the number of men and women’s lives lost in the war and the number of people who have not been signing up to join. There are few arguments that are pro†¦show more content†¦As well as the deaths, there have been many people detaching from the military without making the commitment to return, but instead to head off to make their way in the civilian world, using what the military taught them to survive. Plus the number of civilians who have been signing up has drastically decreased; leaving the number of soldiers to fight what Bush stared very minimal. According to Dennis Wagner, a reporter for The Arizona Republic on Friday December 10, 2004 â€Å"National Guard sign-ups were 12 percent short of the military’s goal.† Before America went into this war to free the Iraqi people, the military and government should have thought about all of the outcomes. They should have seen tha t the numbers of military personnel was decreasing even before the war started. How is the United States of America going to give someone freedom, when their own citizens do not have the freedom that they deserve. The war America is fighting over in Iraq is to bring democracy to their country; it was at first though to find the â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† that Bush claimed Saddam Hussein was holding in Iraq. Though this search was done only after President Bush could not find Bin Laden, even after he swore he would, and without the support of most of the world, and no weapons were found. So is America fighting this war for the right reasons or are they justShow MoreRelated America Needs the Stop-loss Program Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica Needs the Stop-loss Program The scary reality of the war on Iraq is something all Americans face today, the reality being, what happens if we do not have enough soldiers to continue all of the projects that the United States have already started. Does America have enough troops for what they are doing? Can America afford to tell people when they leave the military, thanks and we wish the best for you with civilian life, or should they be fighting to keep them as long as possibleRead MoreFederal Debt And Its Effects On America s Economy1163 Words   |  5 Pagesendless void of blackness that is going to keep getting dimmer and dimmer until it sizzles out, and unless America realizes this and does something about it, American economy is doomed. Federal debt, lack of jobs, discouraged workers, jobs overseas, job loss, state and local bankruptcy, and reckless inflation all take a large part in the deteriorating of America’s economy. American’s have failed to acknowledge the growing cris is, and because of this, our economy is reaping the consequences. Each problemRead MoreInsurance1247 Words   |  5 PagesINSURANCE CONCEPT: Insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. NATURE: The purpose of any insurance is to provide economic protection against the losses that may be incurred due to chance events such as: 1. Death 2. Disability 3. Medical expenses 4. Home or automobile damage, etc. FUNCTIONS: BasicRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Baning of Somiking Inside Your Own Home659 Words   |  3 Pages(benefits to society of consuming one more unit of a good. The externality causes welfare loss, a loss to society as a result of misallocation of resources, as shown in Diagram 1, where for every unit of output, marginal private benefits (MPB) are greater than marginal social benefits (MSB). The vertical difference between MPB and MSB is the external cost to society. For this reason, there is a welfare loss; the market overallocates resources to the production of cigarettes at units greater thanRead MoreUnited States Loss to Vietnam Essays1033 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Loss to Vietnam There were many reasons for the USAs loss in the Vietnam War. There is no singular reason for the USAs loss; instead there are many, and each of these contributes to the end result. Some historians believe that the USA didnt lose the war at all. The USA first invaded Vietnam on the 8th March 1965, with the first 3,500 US marines landing on Vietnam soil, this seemingly small amount of troops would mass to 525,000 in 1967. America firstRead MoreGeography Assignment : The Population1155 Words   |  5 PagesAustralia’s growing population changes over time as the combined factors change, such as overseas migration, internal migration gain, internal migration loss, high fertility rate and ageing population. Growth in Australia’s population is made up of three main components: †¢ Natural increase—births - deaths †¢ Net overseas migration— the net gain or loss of population through immigration and emigration. †¢ Refugees- people who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, orRead MoreThe United States And The Civil Right Movement1594 Words   |  7 Pages2006) . In many states begin a felon come with obstacles both informal and formal in the lives of people with a felony convicted. In the midst of the growing civil right movement, the augmented by racially disparate law enforcement and corrections policies the word â€Å"felon† is commonly linked to the African American community. Having a felony conviction limited housing, employment and educational opportunities. The barriers that of begin a felon limited the accessing to opportunities that is availableRead MoreThe New York Police Department1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthe responsibility of the government or states to safeguard its citizens and uphold the constitution. But what are the citizens supposed to do when these two fundamental philosophies suddenly are set in opposition with each ot her? In New York, the stop-and-frisk law is designed to protect its citizens, and yet it is taking away their constitutional rights. Although in some instances this method is deemed legal, the New York Police Department has adapted the process into one that stems from criminalRead MoreCauses of World War II784 Words   |  3 PagesNations, and the failed policy of appeasement. These three points are long term causes which express thee reasoning for the outbreak of war. The inability to enforce the Treaty of Versailles played an important role in the starting of World War II. The weight of enforcing the rules of the Treaty was put all on the shoulders of Britain and France. It was hard to impose because some major powers did not sign the Treaty like the United States and the Soviet Union. The loss of the support from majorRead MoreDifferent Security Policies And Guideline And How They Are Needed1702 Words   |  7 Pagesreport I will be talking about different security policies and guideline and how they are needed in an organisation. The first one I will be talking about will be the disaster recovery policy, what this policy is basically about is that the organization will have so kind of plan or strategy put in place for things like natural disasters for example floods, fire, earthquake and things like theft and major human error that can cause major data loss, which and ultimately impact the organization security

Ethical Principles in Medical Decision Making Essay Example For Students

Ethical Principles in Medical Decision Making Essay In order for the interests of family members to be taken into account in medical decision making, I think that two principles have to be balanced. I think that patient autonomy and respect for persons have to be a part of every medical decision that an individual makes. The two principles are obviously going to come into conflict with one another in the decision making process, in which case autonomy should have more weight over the respect for persons principle. I do not agree with John Hardwigs presumption of equality. Humans are just not wired to think that way, and the decision making process would become much too complicated as physicians became involved in the dynamics of families, attempting to morally and equally weigh the interests of patients and their families. Physicians have enough to consider as it is, as it is difficult enough determining which treatments and options will best benefit each patients values and interests. Hardwig had the moral reasons for presumption of equality, but no solid explanations as to how the principle could be implemented. Patient autonomy would have to be sacrificed in order for the idea of presumption of equality to be honored. I think that the interests of family members and those close to an individual should always be taken into consideration, but not necessarily given equal importance. Naturally family members can persuade, support, and participate in discussion and the joint decision making process, but when there is a conflict between autonomy and respect for the interests of family members, autonomy wins out. The role of the physician, then, should be to respect patient autonomy by discussing possible treatments and providing all of the necessary information the patient needs to make an informed and autonomous decision as usual. In addition to this responsibility, doctors ought to also be trained to initiate discussion with the patient of their rights and responsibilities and encouraging patients to examine the moral implications and impact that their medical decisions will have on the family. If conflict between a patients decision and familys interests arises, the physician should respect the patients choice and right to be autonomous. #3)In Helga Wanglies case, the physicians should have been allowed to withdraw from the case. Ackerman argues that the decision of whether or not treatment is beneficial to the patient is an ethical one, and has little to do with medical expertise. However, in order to make treatment decisions based on values, one must first have a general idea of what those values are. Mrs. Wanglie left no advanced directives to specify what she would have wanted, and the initial admission made by her husband revealed that the couple had never discussed what her desires would be should she ever become dependent on a respirator. In the absence of clear and convincing evidence of the patients values, as well as a lack of information on which to base substituted judgment, the desires of an average reasonable person should be examined. As argued by Miles, a large majority of elderly patients prefer not to receive respirator support in circumstances of irreversible unconsciousness. Most would find that the burdens of this prolonged treatment outweigh the possible, albeit highly unlikely benefit of a return to consciousness. This view is similar to that of the physicians, who found Mrs. Wanglies treatment to be non-beneficial because the respirator could not heal her, prevent her from suffering, or enable her to experience the life it ultimately prolonged. The treatment not only failed to physically benefit Mrs. Wanglie, but detracts from the common good of the community as the insurance premiums members pay provide for Mrs. Wanglies non-beneficial treatment. The physicians view is closer to the truth in this case. The medical care provided could no longer benefit Mrs. Wanglie, and without substantial proof that she would prefer to be kept alive under such circumstances, it is inappropriate to prolong treatment that does not achieve any sort of beneficial result beyond sustaining an irreversible coma. .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e , .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .postImageUrl , .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e , .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e:hover , .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e:visited , .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e:active { border:0!important; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e:active , .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17e3e291e2eed3b7fbcaed9cf90b045e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Study of Linguistics Essay #4)In the Cruzan case, the biggest hurdle that had to be cleared was proving that Nancy would want nutrition and hydration removed in a clear and concise manner. Ultimately it was this key issue that was responsible .

Economics for Business Quality Business Product

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Business of Quality Business Product. Answer: Introduction Product differentiation is a concept used by producers of the market where there are many buyers and sellers and where the producers indulge in producing similar type of product. The producers use different methods to make the goods produced more attractive rather than price. The methods can be in form of advertisement, improving quality, discounts and attractive packaging. It is a method used to distinguish its product to sell the product in the target market. Economic profit can be defined as the profit earned by deducting opportunity cost of the inputs used for production minus the revenue. Product differentiation does not exist in all types of market structure.[1] Firms in perfectly competitive market do not earn economic profit. Hence, an appropriate once off expenditure on product differentiation will not guarantee the firms ability maximize economic profit in any type of market structure. The following part of the assignment discusses how the expenditure on product differentia tion can lead few types of market to maximize the economic profit in long run.[2] Analysis Monopolistic competition is a type of market structure where there are large number of buyers and sellers producing similar type of products. The products acts as substitutes for the consumers where they have large choice for the consumption. It is in the monopolistic type of market structure where the firms make economic profit. The main technique used by monopolistic competitive firms to make economic profit is product differentiation. That is they portray that the product is different from the other producers. The condition is applied in case of imperfect substitutes.[3] Monopolistically competitive firm earns profit in long run along with incurring a deadweight loss. Monopolistically competitive market structure behave like monopolists in short run. This is explained with a help of diagram as shown below. Figure: Monopolistic competition in short run[4] Monopolistic competitive firm faces a downward sloping demand curve as the producers cannot change the price of the product unless there is change in the quantity consumed. Firms face a U shaped average cost curve due to presence of both fixed and average cost. All the firms aims at maximizing profit. The profit maximizing condition for the firm in short run is at a point where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. Product differentiation occurs when there is no available substitutes of a product and this occurs in case of monopoly. The above diagram shows that firms in monopolistically competitive market will produce till a point where MR is equal to MC. The price will be determined from the point at the demand curve. The firm earn positive economic profit in short run that is market in green in the above diagram. Along with earning profit the firm also faces loss that is market in blue in the diagram. Deadweight loss is a triangle measured from consumer and producer surplus. The more the product is differentiated in the market the more steeper is the demand curve. [5] The monopolistically competitive firm earns positive economic profit only in short run. In long run seeing the firms earn positive economic profit, new firms enter the market. The competition of the firms increase which makes it difficult for the firms to produce goods that are differentiated in nature. Hence in long run the firms only earn normal profit due to failure of product differentiation.[6] In case of a perfectly competitive market where there are large number of buyers and sellers, the concept of product differentiation is not applicable. This is so because the producers produce same type of products that acts as substitute for the consumers. Hence firms in perfectly competitive market also earn normal profit and the differentiation is done on the basis of price. Lower the price higher is the sale and ultimately profit.[7] Product differentiation enables the firms to earn positive economic profit only in short run. There are various ways through which products can be differentiated. The most common techniques used by firm is that of advertisement. Advertisement adds on to the cost of production. It is useful in conveying important messages and information to consumers. Oligopoly is a market structure with only few firms that sell similar types of products. The sellers have power of price control over their product. Hence the concept of product differentiation is not applicable in case of oligopoly. It is only applicable in case of monopolistic competition. [8] In case of monopolistic competition market the two main characteristics are that the competitors perceive over non price difference products and the firms have no price control over the product. The expenditures on the product differentiation is not great to eliminate the substitutes of the product. If the cross elasticities of demand of goods is high in the market the product differentiation will not allow the prices to rise. This will lead the average total cost to rise as the cost of advertisement expenditures will rise. The average total cost will exceed the price charged by the firm that will lead the firms incur loss in short run. Hence, it can be seen that product differentiation does not lead to positive economic profit in all the situations or the market condition. Profit maximization condition occurs at a biggest gap of total revenue and total cost. [9] Conclusion From the above discussion it is visible that expenditure on product differentiation to earn economic profit does not guarantee positive income in all the market structures and conditions. Product differentiation is a concept that is used only in Monopolistic competition where there are large number of buyers and sellers producing similar type of products. Also if the cross elasticity of demand is strong then the product differentiation will lead the firms incur loss or normal profit. Positive profit is only incurred in short run where the firms are able to differentiate its products. Product differentiation will lead to earning of positive economic profit in monopolistic competition where the firms act as monopolist. Hence, In any market structure, an appropriate once-off expenditure on product differentiation does not guarantee the firms ability to maximize economic profit into the future. Economics has difficulty in explaining why wage rates for individuals vary across occupations and industries and within occupations and industries. 2. Introduction Wage rate is not uniform for all the occupation and industries. It varies on the skills that the employees posses and the budget that firms have for the production of goods and services. Economics can explain the reason for the differences in the wages as it occurs through the differences in the demand and supply of labor and goods in the market. Theories of minimum wage, wage differentials, compensation are used to explain the reason for the differences in wages for occupations and industries. Differences in the demand and supply of labor in the market leads to variations in the wages of employees in same occupation as well. Since no two jobs has same characteristics this is the major reason for the wages to vary. Economics and statistics can be used to show the and discuss the reason for the variation in wages of labor in the market. The differences occur due to differences in education and desirability of the job[10]. Analysis Minimum wage theory is a theory that explains the minimum amount of the pay that the employer must pay the employees. The main purpose of the minimum wage theory is to support the unskilled workers for their living. The minimum wage is set by the government. The theory of minimum wage has both the advantages and disadvantages. Minimum wage theory helps in increasing employment level but it reduces the pay of the employees that are skilled and trained. The critics says that minimum wage does not have any impact of the level of employment.[11] Figure: Minimum wage theory[12] The wage differential theory states five reasons for the differences in wages that are: Occupational differences Inter firm differentials Regional differences Inter industry differences Personal wage differences[13] Wage differentials is also known as inter firm or inter area differentials. Method of percentile wages is used to measure the differences in the wages of employees in industries and occupation. Wage difference is the difference between the wages of high earners and low earners. It is statistics that explains the reasons for the differences in wager by using the technique of percentile wage while economics is used to explain the reason for the differences in the wages of employees.[14] Reasons for the differences in wages of employees are as follows: Credentials- The main reason for the differences in wages of employees is difference in the educational qualification and the training that the employee has undergone. People with higher degree and qualification get higher wages than the ones with lower wages. Experience and skill- higher the experience higher is the productive capacity of an employee. Workers who have in demand skills earns higher money than the ones who don't. Industry or employer- Occupational wages across industry and employer. The wages differ from one to the other due to differences in the working conditions, training requirement, company name and clientele. Job tasks-The individual tasks of all the employees vary. Employees who are indulged in doing complex tasks get higher wages than the ones who do simpler tasks. Geographic location- Wage highly depends on geographic location as well. Some states and areas have higher wages than the other. Wages depends on the cost of living and geographic factors. Occupational Differences Occupational differences of wages encourages people to take more challenging and complex tasks as skilled people get higher wages than the unskilled people. Human capital that is the skills that is required to enter the job market varies in people that causes the differences to arise in wages. [15] Inter firm differentials Wages also depends on the quality of labor employed, imperfections in the labor market and the differences in the efficiency of equipment and supervision. A firm despite of being in same location and area ,may vary in the amount of wage that it pays to its employees. Managerial efficiency and other facilities also adds on to the differences in the wages.[16] Inter Industry differences Inter industry differences of wages exists in case of same occupation and same area. It also exists in same industries as well. The reasons for these variations are the nature of the product market that it functions in, ability to pay, skill requirement and unionization.[17] Compensating wage differentials Higher wages can also be in form of reward for risk taking jobs and also in form of compensation. Reward for human capital In a competitive labor market it is the wages that compensates the opportunity cost that they have to incur that is in form of education or leisure activity. Labor productivity and revenue creation An employee who has highest efficiency and contributes in generating higher revenue for the company is awarded with higher wages. Trade unions and their collective bargaining power Trade unions are the group of employees with equal demand from employees. Bargaining power is the power that they hold to fight with Their employees over the demand. If the unionization is strong in a particular area then the wages of those employees is higher than the others.[18] Conclusion Hence, the above analysis shows that economics can explain the reason for the differences in wages of employees across occupation and industries. Various economic theories such as minimum wage theory and wage differentials is used to explain then reason for the variation in wages of employees. Wages depends on the skills, type of work, occupation, education and market in which they work. Both statistics and economics can be used to explain the differences in the wages of employees. Minimum wage theory is the upper ceiling set by the government to help the poor. References "Top 5 Causes Of Wage Differentials Explained!",YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library, 2014 https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/hrm/jobs/top-5-causes-of-wage-differentials-explained/35339/ [accessed 2 September 2016] Banerjee, Dyuti S. and Ishita Chatterjee, "Exploring Stackelberg Profit Ordering Under Asymmetric Product Differentiation",Economic Modelling, 36 (2014), 309-315 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.09.056 Chang, Winston W., "MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND PRODUCT DIVERSITY: REVIEW AND EXTENSION",Journal of Economic Surveys, 26 (2011), 879-910 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00682.x FINGLETON, BERNARD and MICHELLE CATHERINE BADDELEY, "GLOBALISATION AND WAGE DIFFERENTIALS: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS*",The Manchester School, 79 (2011), 1018-1034 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02217.x Hajiha, Fatemeh,Employment And Wages By Major Occupational Group And Industry, 1st edn (Fatemeh Hajiha, 2016), pp. 1-4 https://www.bls.gov/oes/major.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Harford, Tim,Perfect Competition, Monopoly, And Monopolistic Competition, 1st edn (Tim Harford, 2016), pp. 1-41 https://www.econ.jku.at/members/WinterEbmer/files/Teaching/managerial/lecture4.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Kishtainy, Niall,The Economics Book(New York: DK Pub., 2012) Krugman, Paul R and Robin Wells,MICROECONOMICS Monopolistic Competition And Product Differentiation, 1st edn, 2016 https://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Exploring%20Economics%20(5th%20Edition)/Chapter%2014%20Monopolistic%20Competition%20and%20Product%20Differentiation.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Neumuller, Seth, "Inter-Industry Wage Differentials Revisited: Premiums For Low Wage Volatility?",SSRN Electronic Journalhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2143814 Olsson, Ola,Essentials Of Advanced Macroeconomic Theory(London: Routledge, 2012) PRICING UNDER DIFFERENT MARKET STRUCTURES, 1st edn, 2016 https://www.nust.na/sites/default/files/documents/MEN311S-2016-Unit%206%20(Monopolistic%20Competition).pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Saito, Keiji, "A Fallacy Of Wage Differentials: Wage Ratio In Distribution",SSRN Electronic Journalhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.782685 Sunday, Krista and Jordan Pfuntner,Wage Dispersion, 1st edn (Krista Sunday and Jordan Pfuntner, 2016), pp. 1-34 https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2008/02/art2full.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Tonin, Mirco, "Minimum Wage And Tax Evasion: Theory And Evidence",SSRN Electronic Journalhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.988188 Torpey, Elka, "Same Occupation, Different Pay: How Wages Vary : Career Outlook: U.S. Bureau Of Labor Statistics",Bls.gov, 2016 https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/wage-differences.htm [accessed 2 September 2016]

Project Cost Management Techniques Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Cost Management Techniques. Answer: Introduction The report relates us to the topic of cost management involved in managing the cost required for the setup of a new call center. It helps the various business in predicting various expenses in an organization which will ultimate reduce their risk of going over the budget. Reducing the cost involved in a project can be achieved by increasing hiring, coaching and lastly better training of staff members, keeping an eye on the action or activities of various agents, improving the resolution of first call, Improving the schedule of cost and reducing or minimizing the cost of attrition. Various responsibilities which are involved for applying proper techniques for the development of new call center for large organization. Various factors like budget, monitoring expenditure, finalizing of cost, improvements which are involved in this project cost management has been discussed in details. Budget of a project mainly depends on following parameters like labor, materials, equipment, services and facilities. Cost control of project mainly comprises of following things like meeting of targets, progression as planned, cost as planned. Budgeting of project mainly comprises of following parameters like baseline of the cost involved in project. Project cost management consist of various process which mainly checks that the given project is completed in given time. It mainly helps in ensuring that the given project is completed within project. Budget Budget mainly involves development of an approximation or estimation of cost of resources which are needed for completion of various project activities. Cost Budgeting generally comprises of overall estimation of cost involved in project which will help in establishing a baseline for measuring the performance of various project. Inputs required for cost Budgeting: There are certain tools involved in cost budgeting that are estimation of cost, Work breakdown structure, schedule of project. It helps in estimation of cost of various resources like hardware, software, development of team salaries, training, operation labor which are involved in a project has been discussed in details. It can be present in summary or in details (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts., 2015). Scheduling of project is inclusive of planned start and proper finished dates for a project. Tools for cost Budgeting: Tools and techniques are considered to be mandatory for project development and estimation of cost and development of budget of various work items involved in a project (Meng., 2012). There are certain tools like Analog estimation, parametric modelling, Bottom-up estimation, tools for computerized, bottom up estimation, computerized tools. Analog estimation: Analog estimation is also known as top down estimation which means the cost of a previous project is compared with the present cost of project that is the implementation of new call center in a large firm. This method is generally less expensive than other method or techniques. Parametric Modelling: Parametric modelling consist of various parameters of project in a mathematical model which helps in analyzing the involved cost of this project that is the implementation of new call center. Models can be simple or complex as per the needs it is used accordingly. This model depends on various parameters like accurate information, various parameters used are quantifiable and lastly it should be flexible that is it can work for large project as well as for small project. Bottom- up estimation: Techniques which are involved in estimation of specific and individual work items and then adding the individual items for the various cost involved in a project. Computerized Tools: Various software tools likeproject management software and spreadsheets are widely used for analyzing and estimation of cost (Schwalbe, 2015). Theses software products can help in simplifying the use of tools involved in the project. Outputs of cost Budgeting: Cost budgeting helps in analyzing the cost baseline of a project. In this project that is the implementation of a new call center in an organization cost baseline is a time phased budget which will help in measuring and controlling the performance of cost involved in a project (Mir and Pinnington., 2014). It is developed by the help of estimation of cost and displaying it in the form of S curve. Monitoring Cost management Cost management generally comprises of following factors like changes in the cost of baseline to check for changes which can be beneficial for a firm and it also helps in analyzing the bassline of cost involved in a project and also managing the changes which can occur in a project like implementation of new call center in an organization. It generally comprises of four factors that are: Analyzation of performance of cost to checking the plan. Checking the various changes as recorded in the baseline of the cost involved. It prevents incorrect and unauthorized changes being implanted in the cost baseline. Altering the various involved stakeholders about the authorized changes. Inputs to cost controlling There are generally four parameters involved in it and this are cost baseline, performance report, change request and lastly cost management plan. Report of performance: It helps in analyzing information on performance of cost like the budget which has successfully completed and which has not been successfully completed (Reiss., 2013). This report can beneficial to project team to tackle problem which can arise in future. Change in request: Change in request may in many forms which can be oral or written, direct or indirect, external or internal which can be legally mandated or optional. Changes may be considered to be important for increasing the budget or decreasing it. Cost management plan: This plan describes how the variances in cost can be managed. A cost management can be formal or informal which can have details on the various requirements of the project. Tools and methods for cost controlling Change in cost control system: This system generally defines the various methods by which the cost baseline can be easily changed. It is inclusive of paperwork, tracking systems and approval levels. Cost change control system should be added with the overall change control system. Measurement of performance: This technique is very useful in controlling the cost involved in a project. Additional Planning: Generally, few project run according to the plan and changes may be required. Changes may be need new or update value of estimation of cost involved in a project. Computerized Tool: Various software equipments likeproject management software or spreadsheet can be considered to be beneficial for keeping a track of expected cost vs real cost and keeping a track of various effects of changes involved in it. Benefits of Cost control Helps in Revised estimation of cost: It is used for making changes in the cost information which is helpful in managing the project. Right stakeholder must be informed as pefr the need. Budget Updates: Budget updates are nothing but updated form of cost estimation. In other words, they can be stated as various changes which are involved in approval of cost baseline. Estimation at Completion: Estimation at cost or EAC is a forecast of total cost involved in a project. Some of the techniques involved in a project are tracking of remaining portion of a project, estimated of budget of the remaining work. Finalization of Cost Budget plan - INPUT VALUES Hardware $ 20,000.00 Software $ 900.00 Development team salaries $ 8,000.00 Training $ 1,000.00 Total Development Cost $ 29,900.00 Hardware $ 12,000.00 Software $ 210.00 Operational Labor $ 16,000.00 Total Operational Cost $ 28,210.00 Approximate salary savings $ 110,000.00 Reduced operating cost $ 45,000.00 Total Benefit $ 155,000.00 Improvements For the improvements of cost management technique in the new call center set up following twelve techniques must be applied (Phillips, 2013). These are activity based costing, target costing, total quality management, Benchmarking, Reengineering of various business process, JIT inventory control system, maintaining a balance score card, six sigmas, life cycle costing, Kaizan costing, Theory of constraints and lastly activity based management. Kaizan Costing: It refers to the continuous and gradual upgradation through small activities instead of large or radical movement which can be achieved through innovation or innovation in technology (Potts and Ankrah, 2014). In other words, it can be stated as the method of cost reduction which takes place during the manufacturing phase of the product. This method can be used in the implementation of new call center as it can benefit it through a number of ways. Six Sigma: This method or technique was first implement in Motorola which is a well-known organization. This method mainly focuses in reducing the cost, improvisation of process and increase in profits (Potts and Ankrah., 2014). This method consists of six steps like identification of process, defining of it, taking proper measure, analysis of it, improvisation and lastly control. Above mentioned steps can be proved to be beneficial for this organization that is call center. If this methodology is applied in this call center setup it can help in reducing different cost involved in it. This will ultimately help in reducing various cost which are involved in the set of this project. References DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Flyvbjerg, B., 2013. From Nobel prize to project management: getting risks right.arXiv preprint arXiv:1302.3642. Kerzner, H., 2013. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons.prize to project management: getting risks right.arXiv preprint arXiv:1302.3642. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Meng, X., 2012. The effect of relationship management on project performance in construction.International journal of project management,30(2), pp.188-198. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Potts, K. and Ankrah, N., 2014.Construction cost management: learning from case studies. Routledge. Reiss, G., 2013.Project management demystified: Today's tools and techniques. Routledge. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

Stalin Rise to Power free essay sample

To what extent did Stalin rise to power because of his cunning personality? Explain your answer. [12m] Stalin rose in power because of his cunning and manipulative personality. He used propaganda to manipulate the images he created for himself and Trotsky as he wanted to get more popularity and support from the people because he wanted to portray himself as the legitimate successor and destroy Trotsky’s positive image as Lenin’s chosen successor. Stalin was cunning enough to prevent Trotsky from going to Lenin’s funeral by tricking him to create a negative image as he wanted to destroy Trotsky’s positive image. When Trotsky did not attend the funeral, it reflected very badly on him. Stalin also gave people the impression that he was close to Lenin by appointing himself as the chief mourner at the funeral. This allowed him to rise in power as people had the impression that he was designated to become Lenin’s successor. We will write a custom essay sample on Stalin Rise to Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stalin also made alliances with the other contenders, Kamenev and Zinoviev, to get rid of Trotsky. As Kamenev and Zinoviev did not see Stalin as a threat, they co-operated with him. After he had dealt with Trotsky, Stalin turned on the other two and removed them from their power. By using his rivals against each other, Stalin was able to rise to power without worrying about threats to his rule. At the same time, Stalin used his position as General Secretary of the Communist Party to appoint people who were close or loyal to him. This enabled him to create a strong support base of supporters who would agree with him or vote according to his wishes. This was particularly useful when Stalin had Trotsky voted out of his positions and exiled from Russia. However, Stalin was also able to rise because of Trotsky’s weaknesses. Unlike Stalin’s strong party support base, Trotsky only had the support of the Red Army. Trotsky was also confident that he was chosen to replace Lenin and did not bother to build up a stronger support base like Stalin. At the same time, Trotsky believed that the USSR should embark on a world revolution. These views were not popular as the Russian people and the Communist Party believed that domestic problems should be addressed first. They preferred Stalin’s views as Stalin also favoured solving the USSR’s domestic problems first and working on Socialism within the country. Due to his complacency, Trotsky’s weaknesses were exploited by Stalin and used to give Stalin better credibility as a leader. In conclusion, Stalin’s cunning personality was more important in helping him rise because Trotsky’s weaknesses were only limited to his complacency and party views. If Stalin had not used his cunning personality to manipulate his rivals and remove them as threats or build up a stronger support base, it would have been just as difficult for him to rise to power. Furthermore, Trotsky’s weaknesses were circumstances that existed as a benefit to Stalin but it was ultimately his cunning personality that allowed him to take full advantage of them.

Modern Literature Existentialism Essays - Philosophy Of Life

Modern Literature: Existentialism EXISTENTIALISM Existentialism is a philosophical movement that developed in continental Europe during the 1800's and 1900's. Most of the members are interested in the nature of existence or being, by which they usually mean human existence. Although the philosophers generally considered to be existentialists often disagree with each other and sometimes even resent being classified together, they have been grouped together because they share many problems, interests, and ideas. The most prominent existentialist thinkers of the 1900's include the French writers Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sarte, and Gabriel Marcel and German philosophers Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger. The Russian religious and political thinker Nicolas Berdyaev and the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber were also famous existentialists. Existentialism is largely a revolt against traditional European philosophy which reached its climax during the late 1700's and early 1800's. Principles of knowledge that would be objective, universally true, and certain were produced. Existentialists rejected the methods and ideals of science as being improper for philosophy. They investigated what it is like to be an individual human being living in the world instead of making the traditional attempt to grasp the ultimate nature of the world and abstract systems of thought. They stress the fact that every individual is only a limited human being. Each must face important and difficult decisions with only limited knowledge and time in which to make these decisions. Human life is seen as a series of decisions that must be made without knowing what the correct choice is. They must decide what standards to except and which ones to reject. Individuals must make their own choices without help from external standards. Humans are free and completely responsible for their choices. Their freedom and responsibility is thrust upon them and they are ?condemned to be free?. Their responsibility for actions, decisions and beliefs cause anxiety. They try to escape by ignoring or denying their responsibility. To have a meaningful life one must become fully aware of the true character of the situation and bravely accept it. Existentialists believe that people learn about themselves best by examining the most extreme forms of human experience. They write about such topics as death and extreme situations. This concentration upon the most extreme and emotional aspects of experience contrasts sharply with the main emphasis of contemporary philosophy in England and the United States. This philosophy focuses upon more common place situation and upon the nature of language rather than experience. JEAN-PAUL SARTRE Jean-Paul Sarte was born in Paris in 1905, and died in 1980. In 1964, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. However he refused to accept the reward. Sarte was a French existentialist philosopher who expressed his ideas in novels, plays, and short stories, as well as theoretical works. The mere existence of things, especially his own existence, fascinated and horrified him. To Sarte there seemed no reason why anything exists. He stated that only human existence is conscious of itself and of other things. He argued that non-living objects simply are what they are and people are whatever they choose to be. People exist as beings who must choose their own character. He agreed with the existentialists philosophy that people are completely free. Sarte said, ?People are afraid to recognize this freedom and to accept full responsibility for their behavior.? Throughout his philosophical and literary works, he examined and analyzed the varied and subtle forms of self-deception. In Sarte's chief philosophical work, Being and Nothingness, he investigated the nature and forms of existence or being. In his essay, Existentialism and Humanism, he defined existentialism as the doctrine that, for humankind, ?existence precedes essence?. In the Critique of Dialectical Reason, Sarte presented his political and sociological theories. THEATER OF THE ABSURD MOVEMENT The theater of the absurd refers to tendencies in dramatic literature that emerged in Paris during the late 1940's's and early 1950's. It's roots can be found in the allegorical morality plays of the middle ages and the allegorical religious dramas. The term theater of the absurd derives from the philosophical use of the word absurd by such existentialists thinkers as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sarte. A fully satisfying rational explanation of the universe was beyond its reach and the world must be seen as absurd. The images of the

Free Essays on Immigration

Immigration Immigration is the foundation of this country’s greatness. It is made up of different cultures, ethnicities and races. I myself would not be able to enjoy life in the United States of America if immigration was limited when my parents arrived in this country. I feel making immigration illegal would deprive the rest of the world of being able to experience a land like no other. Immigration has largely increased over the last 100 years causing many problems such as immense population growth, heavy traffic, air pollution, water and energy shortages, overcrowded schools, declines in purchasing power and quality of life and tax increases. New York is known for being so culturally diverse. The culture brought by these immigrants gives us the positive aspects of there homeland without having to face the negatives of it. Some examples of culture being brought is the different parades we have here in the city celebrating different countries from around the world, also the diverse dinning capabilities. We get to experience this with out having to see the hardships that they face such as child labor and extreme poverty. Immigration has its problems but it is also the foundation in which America is built on. It always promised immigrants a future and a great life.... Free Essays on Immigration Free Essays on Immigration In education of immigrants, English as a second language teachers are often among the first people available to help refugees and other immigrants cope with a new cultural and linguistic environment. Although the identified role of the teacher is to teach English language skills, the teacher's role as a cultural broker is very important as well. One can focus on how teachers can help adult refugee and immigrant learners make significant progress in adjusting to a new life in an unfamiliar culture. It discusses the qualities of mental health, stresses faced by refugees, and three things that teachers can do to help their students Concepts of mental health are laden with cultural bias. For example, one of the most important ways that cultures differ is that the societies where many of the refugees and immigrants to the United States come from tend to be more collectivistic, whereas U.S. society is more individualistic. In the United States, parents are generally encouraged to rear their children to be independent and self-reliant, to leave home early, and to be responsible for their own happiness and well being. In collectivist societies, parents raise their children to be interdependent and to be responsible for others, within a system of relationships where others in turn care for them. Americans may see behavior of people coming from such cultures as overly dependent and dysfunctional. However, behaving in individualistic ways could be seen as dysfunctional within the context of these other societies. Because of these cultural differences, U.S. teachers of refugee adults must be cautious in passing j! udgment on behaviors they may not understand. Teachers of adult refugees can promote cultural adjustment and mental health by learning about the challenges facing refugees; by providing material and activities in the classroom that will address some of the individuals' particular needs; and by becoming an integral part of a larger ne... Free Essays on Immigration Immigration is one of the largest factors in making the United States of America the economic juggernaut it is today. The United States of America is a country of immigrants, and legal immigration is embraced and welcomed here. Starting in 1952 when the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was passed, many major changes were made to the immigration policy of the United States by it. The USA needed to begin regulating immigration more heavily to prevent the country from being flooded with too many immigrants. Currently the United States are un-secure and the immigration policies in place are not enough to protect our country and its citizens. Immigration, by definition, is â€Å"to enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native.† Immigration has a very large social and political significance in American society. Since the time the United States was formed as an independent country, many immigrants have been discriminated against. However, immigration was and still is needed to continue the growth and well being of our country. Immigrants provide diversity in the population, and gives great opportunities to make money and have a good living for people that would not have that in other countries. To some people, immigration means Mexicans illegally crossing the border and being hired for their cheap labor by dishonest American employers who know these people are illegal aliens. To others, immigration means opportunity; people coming from other countries to try to make it in our vast capitalistic economy. Immigration as a whole can stand for opportunity, freedom, civil and human rights, ill egality, terrorism, and many others. Personally I feel that immigration provides great options to people in countries that would not normally have the chance to succeed that would in the United States of America. Immigration is a great thing for this country, as long as it is done responsibly and in a secure fashion... Free Essays on Immigration Immigration Immigration is the foundation of this country’s greatness. It is made up of different cultures, ethnicities and races. I myself would not be able to enjoy life in the United States of America if immigration was limited when my parents arrived in this country. I feel making immigration illegal would deprive the rest of the world of being able to experience a land like no other. Immigration has largely increased over the last 100 years causing many problems such as immense population growth, heavy traffic, air pollution, water and energy shortages, overcrowded schools, declines in purchasing power and quality of life and tax increases. New York is known for being so culturally diverse. The culture brought by these immigrants gives us the positive aspects of there homeland without having to face the negatives of it. Some examples of culture being brought is the different parades we have here in the city celebrating different countries from around the world, also the diverse dinning capabilities. We get to experience this with out having to see the hardships that they face such as child labor and extreme poverty. Immigration has its problems but it is also the foundation in which America is built on. It always promised immigrants a future and a great life.... Free Essays on Immigration Immigration Immigration in the United States began partly because Europe didn’t have enough room, so people mainly started to come to the United States because the freedom from aristocratic state and Church. During 1840s and 1850’s immigrants tripled then quadrupled from 60,000. As immigrants moved in the Navitists flared up against the immigrants because they believe that they were over running the country. Navitists form the Order of the Star Spangled Banner or the Know-nothing party. They even went as far to burn down a Catholic convent. Today immigrants or people from immigrant descent are everywhere. They contributed not only to the economy but to the history of America. . The Irish were the largest group of immigrants to ever enter the United States. They came to America in search of freedom, jobs, and a new life free from religious persecution. In Ireland the British still ruled Ireland and persecuted Catholics because of their religion. Then a potato famine struck in the early 1840s that killed one forth of the population. Irish heard of better opportunities in America and came over. Irish stayed mainly in the North eastern cities such as Boston and New York. They took jobs in unskilled labor such as plucking chicken to help further their advancement. They retain the religion and it became the center of the life. They saved pennies to help their children become better in life and succeeded by many including John Kelly. Tammany hall was a political machine that helps also in the development of the Irish. The Irish contributed much to our society today. The German immigrants were one the most valuable immigrants to come to the United States. They came to the United States because of political asylum, uprooted farmers, and other difficulties. With that they could move farther west than the Irish because of the simple fact that they had the money. They consisted of mainly farmers, trader, teacher, and worker m... Free Essays on Immigration America is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"nation of immigrants† because of our largely open-door policy toward accepting foreigners pursuing their vision of the American Dream. Recently, there has been an effort by some politicians and citizens toward creating a predominantly closed-door policy on immigration, arguing that immigrants â€Å"threaten† American life by creating unemployment by taking jobs from American workers, using much needed social services, and encroaching on the â€Å"American way of life.† While these arguments may seem valid to a lot of people, they are false, and more likely confused with illegal immigration. In fact, immigrants actually enhance American life by creating, not taking jobs, improve social service funds through tax payments, and bring valuable technical knowledge and skills to our country. If we are to continue to excel as a nation, the traditionalists who fear an encroachment of foreign born Americans must learn to acce pt that we achieved our greatness as a result of being â€Å"a nation of immigrants.† A common argument among those opposing further immigration is that foreigners take U.S. jobs and cause unemployment among American workers. In an edition of Business Week, a poll states that sixty-two percent of non-blacks and sixty-three percent of blacks say that â€Å"new immigrants take jobs away from American workers.† This is a widely held belief among Americans. However, Julian L. Simon, author of The Economic Consequences of Immigration, says â€Å"immigration does not exacerbate unemployment...Immigrants not only take jobs, but also create them. Their purchases increase the demand for labor, leading to new hires roughly equal in number to the immigrant workers.† In the same Business Week poll, eighty-three percent of non-blacks and eighty-seven percent of blacks agree that â€Å"many new immigrants are very hard working.† However, in order to overcome their distrust of foreigners, A... Free Essays on Immigration Immigration Immigration is a worldwide phenomenon. Canada is an increasingly ethnically diverse country. Canada’s reflection of ethnic diversity is due to the increasing flow of immigration. The vast majority of Canadians are born in Canada, and most of them are from European descent. Close to, half of all immigrants that came to Canada between 1991 and 1996 reveal a first language other than French or English. During this time, many immigrants came from Asia and the Middle East. It’s been reported that 29 percent of Canadians have more than one ethnic origin. Native peoples make up about 3 percent and blacks about 2 percent of the population. Canada has an open immigration program that accepts newcomers approximately from every other country in the world. The estimated population in 2002 was 31,902,268. Immigration is important in maintaining Canada’s population. The current childbearing generation has smaller families than earlier generations: the fertility rate is 1.6, less than the population replacement rate of 2.1. At the same time, older people are living longer, so that the average age of the population is higher. In 2002, Canada’s rate of natural increase was 0.36 percent, resulting from a birth rate of 11.1 per 1,000 persons and a death rate of 7.5 per 1,000. There is a downward trend in the birth index- in 1981, it was 15.3- and the likely result will be zero growth or population loss. For this reason the Canadian government in the 1980’s decided to balance the low birth rate by allowing more immigration into the country. The way immigrants adjust to life in Canada has much to do with the reason why they came here. Most modern immigrants are motivated to relocate far from their homelands by the desire to improve their and their family’s lives. Such people are known as economic immigrants. They r...

buy custom Knowledge Measurement essay

buy custom Knowledge Measurement essay Knowledge measurement refers to the activity undertaken by an organization in order to assess the rating of its staff, technology, processes and content against the expected or peak performance. Mainly, knowledge measurement revolves around staff and is applied during hiring, training, and assessment of performance of staff members. Knowledge maturity refers to the production level of an organization, that is, how effective an organization is at achieving a task and how much risk one would be taking in investing with them. Determination of the knowledge maturity of an organization is done by carrying out knowledge measurement using criteria known as knowledge maturity models. These models describe the basic factors to consider in determining the knowledge maturity of an organization. Knowledge Management Maturity Models have been a topic of discussion for a long time. This is because although they provide a means of determining the dependability of an organization or individual, it is not agreed upon what factors should be considered and to what degree. KM spans across a wide range of different activities and at different stages. Furthermore, due to the varying nature of situations facing different organizations, finding an average of what factors should be considered will possibly end up leaving other important factors that may be very important to a particular organization or a particular situation. Another problem with KM maturity models is that it is hard to determine the average value even for compatible situations. This is because questions that may arise do not have definite answers. Rather, they bring up many other factors that have to be considered in order to determine the maturity level of the entity at hand. Different people have different perceptions about important elements to be considered. For Example, people will have different ratings on an issue such as a showering activity in determining how clean the subject is. In conclusion, it is hence derived that it is not practical to have maturity models in knowledge management. Buy custom Knowledge Measurement essay

Understanding Jim Crow Laws

Understanding Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws maintained racial segregation in the South beginning in the late 1800s. After slavery ended, many whites feared the  freedom  blacks had. They loathed the idea that it would be possible for African Americans to achieve the same social status as whites if given the same access to employment, healthcare,  housing ,  and education. Already uncomfortable with the gains some blacks made during  Reconstruction, whites took issue with such a prospect. As a result, states began to pass laws that placed a number of restrictions on blacks. Collectively, these laws limited black advancement and ultimately gave blacks the status of second-class citizens. The Origins of Jim Crow Florida became the first state to pass such laws, according to Americas History, Volume 2: Since 1865.  In 1887, the Sunshine State issued a series of regulations that required racial segregation in public transportation and other public facilities. By 1890, the South became fully segregated, meaning that blacks had to drink from different water fountains from whites, use different bathrooms from whites and sit apart from whites in movie theaters, restaurants, and buses. They also attended separate schools and lived in separate neighborhoods. Racial apartheid in the United States soon earned the nickname, Jim Crow. The moniker comes from a 19th-century minstrel song called â€Å"Jump Jim Crow,† popularized by a minstrel performer named Thomas â€Å"Daddy† Rice, who appeared in blackface. The Black Codes, a set of laws Southern states began passing in 1865, after slaverys end, were a precursor to Jim Crow. The codes imposed curfews on blacks, required unemployed blacks to be jailed and mandated that they get white sponsors to live in town or passes from their employers, if they worked in agriculture. The Black Codes even made it difficult for African Americans to hold meetings of any kind, including church services. Blacks who violated these laws could be fined, jailed, if they could not pay the fines, or required to perform forced labor, just as they had while enslaved. Essentially, the codes recreated slavery-like conditions. Legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments sought to grant more liberties to African Americans. These laws, however, focused on citizenship and suffrage and did not prevent the enactment of Jim Crow laws years later. Segregation did not only function to keep society racially stratified but also resulted in homegrown terrorism against blacks. African Americans who did not obey Jim Crow laws could be beaten, jailed, maimed or lynched. But a black person neednt flout Jim Crow laws to become a target of violent white racism. Black people who carried themselves with dignity, thrived economically, pursued education, dared to exercise their right to vote or rejected the sexual advances of whites could all be targets of white racism. In fact, a black person neednt do anything at all to be victimized in this manner. If a white person simply didnt like the look of a black person, that African American could lose everything, including his life. Legal Challenges to Jim Crow The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) constituted the first major legal challenge to Jim Crow. The plaintiff in the case, Homer Plessy, a Louisiana Creole, was a shoemaker and activist who sat in a whites-only train car, for which he was arrested (as he and fellow activists planned). He fought his removal from the car all the way to the high court, which ultimately decided that separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites werent discriminatory. Plessy, who died in 1925, would not live to see this ruling overturned by the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which found that segregation was indeed discriminatory. Although this case focused on segregated schools, it led to the reversal of laws that enforced segregation in city parks, public beaches, public housing,  interstate and intrastate travel and elsewhere. Rosa Parks famously challenged racial segregation on city buses in Montgomery, Ala., when she refused to relinquish her seat to a white man on Dec. 1, 1955. Her arrest sparked the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott. While Parks challenged segregation on city buses, the activists known as the Freedom Riders challenged Jim Crow in interstate travel in 1961. Jim Crow Today Although racial segregation is illegal today, the United States continues to be a racially stratified society. Black and brown children are much more likely to attend schools with other black and brown children than they are with whites. Schools today are, in fact, more segregated than they were in the 1970s. Residential areas in the U.S. mostly remain segregated as well, and the high numbers of black men in prison mean that a large swathe of the African American population does not have its freedom and is disenfranchised, to boot. Scholar Michelle Alexander coined the term the New Jim Crow to describe this phenomenon.   Similarly, laws that target undocumented immigrants have led to the introduction of the term Juan Crow. Anti-immigrant bills passed in states such as California, Arizona,  and Alabama in recent decades have resulted in unauthorized immigrants living in the shadows, subject to shoddy working conditions, predatory landlords, a lack of healthcare, sexual assault, domestic violence and more. Although some of these laws have been struck down or largely gutted, their passage in various states have created a hostile climate that makes undocumented immigrants feel dehumanized. Jim Crow is a ghost of what it once was but racial divisions continue to characterize American life.

How the Anglo-American Special Relationship between Britain and Research Paper

How the Anglo-American Special Relationship between Britain and America was influenced during the American Revolution through the use and politics of eighteenth century newspapers and other media - Research Paper Example It is against such a backdrop that this paper analyzes the influence of media on the American Revolution from both angles. The American Revolution forms one of the most prominent events in the history of America. The themes of loyalists and patriots are synonymous with American Revolution in many historical discourses. These themes are usually accompanied with American icons, such as John Adams, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.1 Even though the revolution is identified with few historical icons, the revolution agenda would not have materialized without the input from commoners and other factions. In essence, the Founding Fathers relied heavily on support from diverse factions in their quest to achieve social, political and economic emancipation. One of the factions that lend more credence to the American Revolution was the press.2 The Concept of American Revolution has always been confused or even synonymously treated the same as the American War. John Adams addressed himself to this issue, stating that the American Revolution and the American War are completely two different phenomena. The American Revolution preceded the American War. Adams, who became the second president of the United States, wrote that: â€Å"The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people†¦ This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution.†3 In light of Adams sentiments, the answer as to why colonists were so unhappy to the point of challenging the strongest army in the world at the time (British Army) lies in printed word. Before 1776, American colonies were awash with small newspapers. Publishers and printers behind these newspapers were among the most rebellious and enlightened Americans. Some of notable publishers and printers included Samuel Adams of Boston (the founder of the Public

X-ray Fluorescence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

X-ray Fluorescence - Essay Example J. Moseley number elements in 1913 through the observation of K-line transitions as observed in X-ray spectrum. This formed the basis of element identification through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy by considering the relationship between the atomic number and the frequency. X-Ray fluorescence, XRF refers to the emission of characteristic secondary, also referred to as fluorescent X-rays by bombarding a material with X-rays at high energy or gamma rays so that the material gets excited. The wavelength of X-rays range between 50 and 100 A related to energy in the relationship: E = h? where h is Planck constant, 6.62 * 10-24 and ? is the frequency in Hertz. High energy X-rays would be required for XRF as the soft X-rays get absorbed by the target element, with the absorption edges depending on ionisation energies of the respective electrons, unique to each element. While the energy dispersive XRF, EDXRF methodology detects all elements from Na through to U, the wavelength dispersive X RF, WDXRF detects down to Be (Shackley 34). How XRF Works When the atoms of the target material absorb the high energy photons from the X-rays or gamma-rays, the electrons at the inner shell would be ejected from the atom transforming them to photoelectrons. As a result, the atom would be left at an excited state having a vacancy in its inner shell. The outer shell electrons would then fall into this resultant vacancy in the process emitting photons whose energy equals the difference in energy between the two states. It would be appreciated that each element has its unique energy level set, implying that each element would emit characteristic pattern of X-rays unique to itself which Sharma (527) refers to as characteristic X-rays. With increase in the concentration of the corresponding element, there would also be an increase in the X-ray intensity. This phenomenon also applies in the quantitative analysis of elements through the production of optical emission spectra. With characte ristic X-rays resulting from transition between the energy levels in an atom, the electrons that transition from energy level Ei to Ej would emit X-rays with energy Ex = Ei – Ej. With each element having unique atomic energy level set, a unique X-rays set would be emitted characteristic of the element (Sharma 526). Considering Bohr’s atomic model (see fig. 1), with atomic levels designated as K, L, M and so forth, each with additional sub-shells, a transition between these shells would result in the emission of characteristic X-rays. Fig. 1. Bohr’s atomic model from Sharma (527) As such, M X-ray would result from transition to M shell, so would K X-ray be a result of transition to K shell. K?1 X-ray would result from an electron dropping from M3 shell to fill in a vacancy in the K shell (see fig. 2). The emitted X-ray would have energy EX-ray = EK – EM3. Figure 2: X-ray line labelling from Bounakhla and Tahri (12) Sources According to Bounakhla and Tahri (21), radioisotopes provide the simplest source for configuration since one selects a source that emits X-rays slightly above the target element’s absorption edge energy. They have found wide application due to their stability and smallness in size in the context where monochromatic and continuous sources would be required. It serves well with regard to ruggedness, reliability, simplicity and in the consideration of cost of equipment. For safety, emissions would be limited to approximately 107 photons. The activity would be described in terms of disintegration rates of the radioisotopes where this activity would decrease from initial activity, A0 to final activity At for a duration of time, t. At = A0e(-0.693t/T?) where T? is the

Bilingual Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Bilingual Education - Essay Example Learning a second language was crucial due to the need to grow my social network and interact with people from different cultures. It was quite embarrassing to study overseas and require someone to always translate what other people were saying and I had to take the initiative of undertaking bilingual education. According to Krashen, there are two ways of getting to know the second language – by acquisition and by learning. I had to go through the two processes, acquiring the language skills by interacting with natives and by taking up classes to grow my vocabulary knowledge (Krashen, 1992). Similar to Krashen’s view, it is difficult to monitor the language in which one communicates in. Writing it down makes it easier to analyze. When one speaks, they tend to modify the rules of the language, and at times are grammatically wrong and this can only be noticed in a written composition. This was seen in the way I would pass written language examinations and still find it difficult to communicate fluently by word of mouth. Krashen’s input hypothesis takes note of the importance of exposure and explains the fact that one acquires a language by being exposed to comprehensible input of it, be it written or spoken. This view can be supported by the fact that one tends to learn a language by living with people who speak it correctly and the learner requires no effort from their side, just the exposure. If the language as used by its speakers is not rendered in a logical and understandable manner, the learner will have a hard time acquiring it (Krashen,1992). Before embarking on bilingual education, one has to start by being ready to learn, being motivated and believing that they can learn the language and use it like its native speakers. Similarly, Krashen brings out the affective filter hypothesis which looks at acquiring a language through comprehensible input, which must reach the brain without undergoing

Asian financial crisis of 1997 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Asian financial crisis of 1997 - Essay Example the place and the fact that Thailand was already buried in debts that it could no longer hope to recover without any active and strenuous intervention from the international community. As the baht sank like a rock, it took with it the currencies of other neighboring countries. Malaysia and Indonesia were among the first casualties and the rest of the Asian countries followed. North Korea suffered an economic meltdown together with the rest of the nations in Asia. One of its biggest car producers, Kia Motors buckled down under the crisis. Kia Motors was one of the hardest hit companies during the crisis in Asia. On the other hand, The Philippines was also badly shaken during the Asian crisis. In fact, the value of the Philippine peso sank so badly that its value was almost zero. The once promising economy of the Philippines once again slumped down and threatens to a government that is already heavily laden with foreign debts. The Asian economic crisis happened just about 24 hours after the United Kingdom turned over the sovereignty of Hongkong back to China. Despite the economic turmoil and the uncertainty that had been brought about by the change of powers in Hongkong, the Hongkong banking system, with the strong backing of the China, survived the crisis but suffered some major losses. The economy because sluggish and save for the economies of Singapore and Taiwan that were able to withstand the onslaught in spite of some serious hits in passing, the rest of Asia was in a state of economic shock. The Asian economic crisis opens the eyes of the world of the volatility of the economy. The Asian crisis affected the entire world and triggered some economic difficulties even in the developed nations. To facilitate the economic recovery of the countries most affected by the crisis, major changes in the economic strategies and policies were instituted in the area (IMF 2000). Major changes in the business environment include the opening up of the economies of these